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King William's War
King William's War (1688–97, also known as the Second Indian War,〔The first Indian War is better known as King Philip's War, the Third Indian War was Queen Anne's War, the Fourth Indian War was Father Rale's War, the fifth was King George's War and the sixth was the French and Indian War. See Taylor, Alan. ''Writing Early American History''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005; pg. 74.〕 Father Baudoin's War,〔Alan F. Williams, ''Father Baudoin's War: D'Iberville's Campaigns in Acadia and Newfoundland 1696, 1697'', Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1987.〕 Castin's War,〔Herbert Milton Sylvester. ''Indian Wars of New England: The land of the Abenake. The French occupation. King Philip's war. St. Castin's war.'' 1910.〕 or the First Intercontinental War in French〔Jacques Lacoursière,Jean Provencher,Denis Vaugeois, "Canada-Québec 1534-2000", p.92 ()〕) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–97, also known as the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg). It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763.
For King William's War, neither England nor France thought of weakening their position in Europe to support the war effort in North America.〔Bromley: ''The New Cambridge Modern History VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688–1725,'' 488〕 New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.〔William Williamson. ''The history of the state of Maine''. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 27; Griffiths, E. ''From Migrant to Acadian''. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005. p.61; Campbell, Gary. ''The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec''. Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Heritage Military Project. 2005. p. 21.〕 According to the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick, the boundaries and outposts of New France, New England, and New York remained substantially unchanged.
==North America at the end of the 17th century==
The English settlers were more than 154,000 at the beginning of the war, outnumbering the French 12 to 1.〔Thomas F. McIlwraith,Edward K. Muller, "North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent", p.98 ()〕 However they were divided in multiple colonies, along the Atlantic coast, which were unable to cooperate efficiently and they were engulfed in the Glorious Revolution creating tension among the colonists.〔Spencer Tucker, "Almanac of American Military History, Volume 1", pp.10-11 ()〕 In addition, the English lacked military leadership and had a difficult relationship with their Iroquois allies.〔〔Gilles Havard, "The Great Peace of Montreal of 1701: French-native Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century", p.66 ()〕
New France was divided in three entities: Acadia on the Atlantic coast; Canada along the Saint Lawrence River and up to the Great Lakes; and Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, along the Mississippi River.〔Rene Chartrand, "French Fortresses in North America 1535-1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans", p.4 ()〕 The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689.〔 Although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds.〔 Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed good relationships with the Indians in order to multiply their forces and made effective use of hit-and-run tactics.〔
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